Part 2 (D)
Recovery, Spacecraft Redefinition, and First Manned Apollo Flight
July through September 1967
1967
July
1967
August
1967
September
July 3
To prevent flight crew incapacitation from possible carbon
dioxide buildup in their Block II spacesuits after emergency exit from a
spacecraft, development of a small air bottle was proposed. Bottles, to be
attached to the suit to provide proper atmosphere in an emergency, would be
stowed on the spacecraft access arm until needed.
Ltr., Donald K. Slayton, MSC, to ASPO Manager, "Emergency air supply for a
suited flight crew during a spacecraft emergency egress," July 3, 1967.
July 5
A board was appointed by MSC White Sands Test Facility Manager
Martin L. Raines to determine the cause of a fire that had occurred at Test
Stand 403 on July 3. The board was to submit its findings by July 17.
Ltr., Raines to distr., "Appointment to Investigation Board," July 5, 1967.
July 12
A CSM shipment schedule, to be used for planning throughout the
Apollo program and as a basis for contract negotiations with North American
Aviation, was issued by NASA Hq. The schedule covered CSM 101 through CSM 115,
CSM 105R, and CSM 020 and the period September 29, 1967, through November 17,
1969.
Ltr., Robert R. Gilruth, MSC, to Samuel C. Phillips, NASA Hq., July 12, 1967;
TWX, Phillips to Gilruth and George M. Low, MSC, July 24, 1967.
July 18
Kurt H. Debus, KSC Director, appointed John Bailey of MSC
Chairman of an ad hoc Safety Group, following discussions with George E. Mueller
of NASA OMSF, MSC Director Robert R. Gilruth, and MSFC Director Wernher von
Braun. The Safety Group was to examine the overall operating plans,
organizational responsibilities, flight hardware, and ground support equipment
and to identify existing and potential personnel hazards associated with the
preparation, checkout, and launch of Apollo 4 (AS-501). The group would submit
an initial report by August 15.
Ltr., Debus to Bailey, "Establishment of Apollo 4 (AS-501) Ad Hoc Safety
Group," July 18, 1967.
July 18
Visual display systems of complex optical devices were being
used with the lunar module mission simulators. To help solve problems that some
of these systems were creating, assistance was requested from J. E. Kupperian,
E. S. Chin, and H. D. Vitagliano, all from Goddard Space Flight Center.
Ltr., Robert R. Gilruth, MSC, to John F. Clark, GSFC, July 18, 1967.
July 18
CSM flammability mockup testing was discussed at a program
review. It was pointed out that boilerplate testing was being conducted at
Downey and that an all-up test should not be performed until all individual
tests were completed and the final configuration was completely established.
Memo, George M. Low, MSC, to Kenneth S. Kleinknecht, MSC, "Flammability
mockup testing," July 21, 1967.
July 19
In a letter to Apollo Program Director Samuel C. Phillips, MSC
Director Robert R. Gilruth requested that the Boeing Company personnel ceiling
be increased to 373. This action was taken as a result of a reevaluation of the
requirement of basic task statements and a better understanding of the tasks to
be performed. During the planning sessions on the new contract with Boeing, a
manpower ceiling of 250 had been established.
Ltr., Gilruth to Phillips, July 19, 1967.
July 21
The RTG Review Team - established to investigate the relation of
the radioisotope thermoelectric generator's fuel-cask subsystem to Apollo
mission safety and success - submitted a preliminary report. Apollo Program
Director Samuel C. Phillips had established the team after concern was expressed
over the design and safety of the subsystem at a June 1 review at NASA Hq. of
the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP).
The team's preliminary report was based on data received and observations of
the LM at Grumman that indicated the interface of the RTG, LM, and spacecraft-LM
adapter (SLA) presented a potential problem to the Apollo mission. The most
serious hazard was the presence of the 530-640 K (500-700 degrees F) RTG fuel
cask in the space between the LM and the SLA, where leaks were possible during
fuel unloading or in the mechanical joints of the LM fuel system.
Plans were to fuel the LM four days before launch and to pressurize the LM
fuel system at T (time of launch) minus 16 hours. The RTG fuel element was to be
loaded into the graphite cask, which was mounted on the LM at T minus 12 hours
and the system secured. All work would be completed on the ALSEP by T minus 10
hours. If a condition occurred that required unloading fuel from the LM after
installation of the fuel element in the cask, the hot cask would be a partial
barrier to reaching one of the fuel unloading points and also would be a
potential fire hazard. No mechanism was available to remove the entire cask
system rapidly. Other potential problems were:
- a review showed all propellants that could come into contact with the cask
had spontaneous ignition temperatures below the temperature of the RTG cask,
and thus fuel vapors could be a problem;
- after launch no indicators would be available to show the crew the status
of the RTG or the SLA area, and no jettisoning mechanism was available for the
RTG fuel cask; and
- during deployment of the ALSEP on the lunar surface the astronauts would
be required to remove the RTG fuel element and load it into the RTG assembly.
While handling tools were available for this operation, no means had been
demonstrated to protect the spacesuit if accidentally brushed against the
cask.
"Radioisotopic Thermoelectric Generator Review Team Preliminary Report," July
21, 1967
July 22
A series of oxygen purge system (OPS) transfer runs were
conducted in the Water Immersion Facility at MSC. Preliminary reports indicated
the results of the tests were highly satisfactory, but an assessment of pad
abort procedures following several runs in the Apollo Mission Simulator were not
so promising. Further work and study in this area was in progress.
Memos, Donald K. Slayton, MSC, to George M. Low, MSC, "Preliminary evaluation
of Pad Abort and Oxygen Purge System (OPS) Transfer Procedures," July 26, 1967;
Low to Slayton, "Pad abort procedures and Oxygen Purge System transfers," July
29, 1967.
July 24
The ASPO Manager summarized the lunar module oxygen capacity and
design requirements for the lunar mission and made an analysis of his decision
to leave both portable life support systems (PLSS) on the lunar surface. He
recommended that NASA OMSF accept the PLSS discard philosophy as well as the
design capacity for lunar module oxygen.
Ltrs., George M. Low, MSC, to Samuel C. Phillips, NASA Hq., July 24, 1967;
Phillips to Low, Aug. 10, 1967.
July 24
ASPO Manager George M. Low issued instructions that the changes
and actions to be carried out by MSC as a result of the AS-204 accident
investigation were the responsibility of CSM Manager Kenneth S. Kleinknecht. The
changes and actions were summarized in Apollo Program Directive No. 29, dated
July 6, 1967.
Memo, George M. Low to distr., July 24, 1967.
July 25
Following a series of discussions on the requirements for the
lunar mapping and survey system (LMSS), the effort was terminated. An immediate
stop work order was issued to the Air Force, the Centers, and the contractors in
the LMSS effort. The original justification for the LMSS, a backup Apollo site
certification capability in the event of Surveyor or Lunar Orbiter inadequacies,
was no longer valid, since at least four Apollo sites had been certified and the
last Lunar Orbiter would, if successful, increase that to eight.
Memos, Robert C. Seamans, Jr., NASA Hq., to George E. Mueller, NASA Hq.,
"Lunar Mapping and Survey System (LMSS)," July 13, 1967; Mueller to Seamans,
same subject, July 18, 1967; Seamans to Mueller, "Termination of the Lunar
Mapping and Survey System," July 25, 1967.
July 25
MSC Director of Flight Operations Christopher C. Kraft, Jr.,
raised questions about lunar module number 2: Would it be possible for LM-2 to
be a combined manned and unmanned vehicle; that is, have the capability to make
an unmanned burn first and then be manned for additional activities? Would
additional batteries in the LM provide greater flexibility for earth-orbital
missions? Mission flexibility would be worthwhile only if it allowed deletion of
a subsequent mission, at least on paper.
Memo, G. M. Low, MSC, to O. E. Maynard, MSC, "LM mission flexibility and
other points," July 25, 1967.
July 26
The Air Force Chief of Staff announced the reassignment of
Carroll H. Bolender from Washington to Houston as Program Manager for the lunar
module at MSC. He had been Apollo Mission Director at NASA Hq.
TWX, Air Force Chief of Staff to NASA Hq. and MSC, July 26, 1967.
July 26
MSC asked continued engineering and inspection support from KSC,
although increased activity at KSC was making support and factory operations
more difficult. KSC had provided support for LM-1 at Bethpage, Long Island, and
had also provided support for previous CSM and some Gemini vehicles. The aid of
the KSC inspection personnel was particularly beneficial in ensuring a smooth
transition of the vehicle from the factory to the field.
Ltr., Robert R. Gilruth, MSC, to Kurt H. Debus, KSC, July 26, 1967.
July 27
MSC Director Robert R. Gilruth wrote MSFC Director Wernher von
Braun that MSC had two lunar landing research vehicles (LLRVs) for crew training
and three lunar landing training vehicles (LLTVs) were being procured from Bell
Aerosystems Go. Gilruth explained that x-ray inspection of welds on the LLTVs at
both Bell and MSC had disclosed apparent subsurface defects, such as cracks and
lack of fusion. There was, however, question as to the interpretation of the
x-rays and the amount of feasible repair. Gilruth mentioned that James Kingsbury
of MSFC had previously assisted MSC in interpreting weldment x-rays, stated that
further x-rays were being taken, and asked MSFC assistance in interpreting them
and in determining the amount and methods of repair needed.
Ltr., Gilruth to von Braun, July 27, 1967.
July 28
ASPO announced that a detailed review of the Block II CSM would
be held to gain a better understanding of the hardware. ASPO Manager George M.
Low pointed out that it had been customary in the Gemini and Apollo Programs to
conduct Design Certification Reviews (DCRs) before manned flight of the "first
of a kind" vehicle. He added that the detailed review should address itself to
design and analysis, test history and evaluation of test results, and the
understanding of operational procedures for each element in the CSM. To ensure
the most thorough review, MSC divisions would conduct preliminary reviews. The
division chiefs would then present their findings to the directorates, the ASPO
management, and the MSC Director.
Memo, George M. Low to distr., July 28, 1967.
Rocketdyne Division of North American
Aviation was selected for negotiation of a contract for the design, development,
qualification, and delivery of four production models of an injector for the
lunar module ascent engine. The project would serve as a backup to the injector
program already being conducted by Bell Aerospace Corp. under subcontract to
Grumman. The ascent engine was considered to be the most critical engine in the
Apollo-Saturn vehicle. No backup mode of operation remained if the ascent engine
failed.
Ltrs., Samuel C. Phillips, NASA Hq., to George M. Low, MSC, Aug. 16, 1967;
George E. Mueller, NASA Hq., to Robert R. Gilruth, MSC, Aug. 17, 1967; NASA News
Release 67-207, Aug. 2, 1967.
August 1
Kenneth S. Kleinknecht, CSM Manager at MSC, requested that
North American organize a team of engineers with broad design backgrounds to
make an independent assessment of component design efficiency. The team would
identify actions to reduce spacecraft weight and to establish control methods to
prevent future weight increases. The team would be placed under the leadership
of a North American employee with broad knowledge of Apollo hardware.
To deal with Apollo weight problems, North American replied in October,
accurate and timely weight visibility was of paramount importance. To provide
this visibility, North American used system design personnel directly in weight
prediction and reporting. As part of this plan, all engineering-design-change
documentation would contain a delta weight effect that would be reviewed and
approved by engineering management; weight trends and status would be reported
monthly to North American and NASA management. A list of weight reduction
candidates was suggested to NASA.
Ltr., Kleinknecht to Dale D. Myers, North American Aviation, Aug. 1, 1967;
ltr., Myers to George M. Low, MSC, Oct. 5, 1967.
August 1-11
Lunar Orbiter V was launched from the Eastern
Test Range at 6:33 p.m. EDT August 1. The Deep Space Net Tracking Station at
Woomera, Australia, acquired the spacecraft about 50 minutes after liftoff.
Signals indicated that all systems were performing normally and that
temperatures were within acceptable limits. At 12:48 p.m. EDT August 5,
Lunar Orbiter V executed a deboost maneuver that placed it in orbit
around the moon. The spacecraft took its first photograph of the moon at 7:22
a.m. EDT August 6. Before it landed on the lunar surface on January 31, 1968,
Lunar Orbiter V had photographed 23 previously unphotographed areas
of the moon's far side, the first photo of the full earth, 36 sites of
scientific interest, and 5 Apollo sites for a total of 425 photos.
Lunar Orbiter V Post Launch Reports 1 through 7, Aug. 2, 3, 7, 9, 11, 1969;
Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1967 (NASA SP-4008, 1968), pp. 229, 235, 417.
August 11
Apollo Program Director Samuel C. Phillips was appointed
Chairman of a NASA task group, reporting to Administrator James E. Webb, Deputy
Administrator Robert C. Seamans, Jr., and Associate Administrator for Manned
Space Flight George E. Mueller. The group was chartered to review the content of
the Apollo program in order to determine alternatives necessary for programming
and budget planning decisions. It would inquire into and report on all aspects
of the Apollo program necessary to provide a base of accurate data and
information to support decisions on FY 1968 expenditure control and FY 1969
budget planning. Specifically, the group was requested to identify planned
activities that could be eliminated if the Apollo program were to be terminated
with the manned lunar landing. The group was also requested to determine the
effect of placing a hold order on production of Saturn V vehicles 512 through
515 and to develop the cost estimates resulting from these actions as well as
other tangible alternatives. Memo, Webb to Phillips, "Review of Apollo Program,"
Aug. 11, 1967.
August 15
ASPO wrote Lewis Research Center about studies of ignition
sources inside the pressure suits worn by the astronauts. In recent tests, the
communications and biomedical circuits inside the suit and connected to the
spacecraft panel through the crewman electrical umbilical were evaluated to
determine the ignition characteristics. Studies on the flammability of various
materials used jn the suit loop had been completed and the data compiled.
Memo, G. M. Low, MSC, to I. I. Pinkel, Lewis Research Center, "Ignition
source inside the suit," Aug. 15, 1967.
August 18
The NASA task team for CSM Block II redefinition, established
on April 27, was phased out. During its duration the task team provided timely
response and direction in the areas of detail design, overall quality and
reliability, test and checkout, baseline specifications, and schedules. With the
phaseout of the team, Apollo Spacecraft Program Office policies and procedures
would be carried out by the ASPO resident manager. A single informal point of
contact was also established between MSC and North American for engineering and
design items.
Memo, Kenneth S. Kleinknecht, MSC, to distr., "Phaseout of the NASA Task Team
for Block II Redefinition, Command and Service Modules," Aug. 18, 1967.
August 19
ASPO Manager George M. Low, in a letter to Dale D. Myers of
North American Aviation, expressed disappointment that both spacecraft 2TV-1 and
101 had slipped approximately six weeks. He also expressed astonishment that
managers, who were supposedly using a planning system, did not understand the
meaning of the charts they were using. Low suggested more attention to detail by
managers, a better tracking system for shortages, assignment of responsible
individuals to areas where special efforts were needed; and a mechanized system
for tracking such things as work needing to be done and shortages.
Ltr, Low to Myers, Aug. 19, 1967.
August 22
A senior design review group was established to review the
command module stowed equipment and the stowage provisions, to ensure the timely
resolution and implementation of changes necessary because of new materials
criteria and guidelines. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director, would head the group.
Memo, George M. Low, MSC, to distr., "Design Review of Command Module storage
provisions," Aug. 22, 1967.
August 24
An interagency agreement on protecting the earth's biosphere
from lunar sources of contamination was signed by James E. Webb, NASA; John W.
Gardiner, HEW; Orville L. Freeman, Department of Agriculture; Stewart L. Udall,
Department of Interior; and Frederick Seitz, National Academy of Sciences. The
agreement established a committee to advise the NASA Administrator on back
contamination and the protection of the biological and chemical integrity of
lunar samples, on when and how astronauts and lunar samples might be released
from quarantine, and on policy matters.
Interagency Agreement between the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, the Department of Interior, and the National Academy of
Sciences on the Protection of the Earth's Biosphere from Lunar Sources of
Contamination, Aug. 24, 1967.
Week Ending August 25
Grumman proposed a procurement for a study of the
mission effects projector, to assist Grumman with an item that had been designed
and built by Farrand but did not meet the established specifications. Grumman
solicited assistance of qualified firms in the optomechanical field. Of 15 firms
approached 7 were interested: Itek Corp., Kollmorgen Corp., Bausch & Lomb,
Inc., Kollsman Instrument Corp., Biorad, General Precision Link Group, and
Conductron. Technical proposals were received from Itek, Biorad, Link, and
Conductron. Grumman considered the Itek proposal most technically acceptable and
proposed a letter contract in which NASA concurred.
MSC, BMR Bethpage, "Weekly Activities Report, Week Ending August 25, 1967,"
Aug. 30, 1967.
August 26
"Reuse of failed equipment" was the subject of a memorandum to
W. M. Bland in the MSC Reliability and Quality Assurance Office from ASPO
Manager George M. Low. He said: "I have recently heard of several instances of
reuse of apparently failed equipment without any fixes applied to that
equipment. I understand that, if a component or subsystem is removed from the
spacecraft because it has apparently failed but a subsequent failure analysis
does not show anything to be wrong with the equipment, the equipment is then put
back into stock for reinstallation. It appears to me that, if a component is
once suspected or known to have caused a failure or to have failed, it should
not be allowed back in the program unless a fix has been made or unless it has
been proved conclusively that the failure was not caused by that component. If
we do not now have a program directive that states such a policy, I think we
should impose one as quickly as possible and set up adequate procedures to
control it."
Memo, Low to Bland, Aug. 26, 1967.
August 30
A review team's findings on the lunar surface magnetometer
program were reported to the NASA Administrator. The magnetometer program still
suffered from the schedule delays and high costs that had prompted the review,
but recent management changes and technical progress were halting the trends.
With the team recommendation and the endorsement of the Office of Space Science
and Applications, Philco Corp. was directed to continue its effort to develop a
lunar surface magnetometer.
Memos, Samuel C. Phillips, NASA Hq., to NASA Administrator, "Lunar Surface
Magnetometer," Aug. 30, 1967; W. H. Close, NASA Hq., to Deputy Administrator,
"ALSEP Lunar Surface Magnetometer," Oct. 13, 1967.
An Apollo test flow study group was formed
to make a detailed evaluation of spacecraft, launch vehicle, and space vehicle
testing at KSC. The group was composed of aerospace industry and NASA personnel.
Memo, R. O. Middleton, KSC, to G. M. Low, MSC, "Apollo Test Flow Study
Group," Sept. 1, 1967.
September 6
Apollo Program Directive No. 31 established and implemented
the Apollo System Safety program and defined program requirements in consonance
with NASA Management Instruction 1138.12, August 29, 1967. The directive was
applicable to all Apollo Headquarters and Center System Safety activities and it
spelled out Headquarters and Center Apollo responsibilities. Among Center
requirements were:
- "An office responsible for Apollo System Safety shall be established in
accordance with the requirements set forth in NASA Management Instruction
#1138.12."
- "Each Center office for Apollo System Safety shall prepare a plan that
describes the safety tasks to be performed and the method to be used for the
accomplishment of these tasks. . . ."
On September 20, ASPO Manager
George Low asked Aleck Bond of the MSC Engineering and Development Office if he
was taking action. Bond replied that the Flight Safety Office was preparing an
overall safety plan for the Center that would meet the requirements of the
directive. In an October 16 letter to Apollo Program Director Samuel C.
Phillips, Low pointed out that "The . . . directive stipulates that an office
responsible for Apollo System Safety shall be established. . . . In reviewing
this Management Instruction we can find no mention of such a Center office. . .
." Low added that ASPO had appointed an Assistant Program Manager for Flight
Safety who would work with the MSC Flight Safety Office and ensure that the
Center's flight safety policies and procedures were carried out throughout the
Apollo spacecraft program.
Apollo Program Directive No. 31, "Apollo System Safety Program Requirements,"
Sept. 6, 1967; informal note, Low to Bond, Sept. 20, 1967; memo, Bond to Low,
"Apollo Program Directive No. 31 - Apollo System Safety Program Requirements,"
Sept. 25, 1967; ltr., Low to, Phillips, "APD No. 31 - Apollo System Safety
Program Requirements," Oct. 16, 1967.
September 7
LM-1, fitted inside spacecraft - lunar module adapter 7, is raised to
position at Kennedy Space Center in preparation for the Apollo 5 mission.
LM-1 (Apollo 5) continued to have serious schedule difficulties. However, all
known problems were resolved with the exception of the propulsion system leaks.
Leak checks of the ascent stage indicated excessive leaking in the incline
oxidizer orifice flange. The spacecraft was approximately 39 days behind the
July 18, LM-1 KSC Operations Flow Plan.
MSC, "ASPO Weekly Project Status Report," Sept. 7, 1967.
September 8
A revised spacecraft delivery schedule with a maximum
delivery rate of six spacecraft per year as opposed to a delivery rate of one
spacecraft every six weeks for the Apollo program was proposed by MSC and
approved by NASA Hq.
Ltr., Robert R. Gilruth, MSC, to Samuel C. Phillips, NASA Hq., Sept. 8, 1967;
TWX, Phillips to Gilruth, "CSM Delivery Schedules," Sept. 22, 1967.
September 6
ASPO Manager George Low in a letter to Dale Myers of North
American Aviation, emphasized that the spacecraft weight situation was the
single most serious problem in the entire Apollo program. An example of the
weight estimating problem was the spacecraft hatch. When the decision was made
in March 1967 to incorporate a new hatch, the net weight increase was estimated
at 185 kilograms, but calculations indicated that this increase was actually 558
kilograms. Neither of these numbers included the additional ballast, which
doubled the required weight. Clearly weight estimates were inadequate, making a
workable weight control program impossible. North American was requested to take
immediate action to bring the weight problem under control. A letter in a
similar vein was sent by C. H. Bolender, ASPO LM Manager, to J. G. Gavin, Jr.,
Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp.
Ltr., Low to Myers, Sept. 9, 1967; Bolender to Gavin, Sept. 22, 1967.
September 15
A short circuit occurred during checkout of CSM 020 at
North American, Downey, Calif. External power batteries in parallel with the
reentry batteries had indicated low power and were replaced. During preparations
to continue the test, arcing was reported and emergency shutdown procedures were
applied. Investigation was under way to determine the cause of the arcing.
Initial indications were that at least 100 amps were imposed on a small portion
of the spacecraft wiring, causing some damage to the spacecraft batteries.
TWX, ASPO Manager to Director, Apollo Spacecraft Program, Sept. 18, 1967.
September 16
During operational checkout procedures on CSM 017, which
included running the erasable memory program before running the low-altitude
aborts, the guidance and navigation computer accidentally received a liftoff
signal and locked up. Investigation was initiated to determine the reason for
the liftoff signal and the computer lockup (switch to internal control). No
damage was suspected.
TWX, ASPO Manager to Director, Apollo Program Office, Sept. 18, 1967.
September 18
The Systems Engineering Division of ASPO presented a
briefing to the ASPO Manager and other MSC officials on the logic of the lunar
surface activity for the first lunar landing mission. Several potential missions
were presented in terms of interactions between timelines, consumables, weight,
and performance characteristics. Purpose of the demonstration was to elicit
policy decisions on the number of extravehicular excursions to be planned for
the first mission as well as the activities for each excursion. The following
ground rules were established:
- Priority of scientific objectives would be, in order, minimum lunar
sample, ALSEP, and lunar geologic survey including sample collection.
- The first EVA on the lunar surface during the first lunar mission would
consist of a set of simplified, mutually independent activities and the
timeline would permit rest periods between each activity. The minimum lunar
sample would be collected during the first EVA but the ALSEP would not be
deployed.
- A second EVA would be included for planning purposes and would include
ALSEP deployment. The second EVA would not be considered a primary mission
objective.
- For mission planning purposes the 22 1/2-hour lunar surface staytime would
be pursued as the prime candidate for the first lunar landing
mission.
Memo, George M. Low, MSC, to distr., "Surface activity during
first lunar landing mission," Sept. 18, 1967.
September 18
Garrett Corp. Vice President Mark E. Bradley sent
recommendations of the Garrett-AiResearch Safety Audit Review Board to Dale D.
Myers, Vice President and Project Manager, Apollo Program, North American
Aviation. Bradley said the Board had been appointed in May 1967 to make "an
independent review of ECS [environmental control system] systems and components
from a crew safety standpoint" and that the recommendations were "based on the
considered professional judgment of the Board members without bias or prejudice
with regard to cost or schedule."
In a reply to Bradley on October 21, Myers said: "Your letter has been
reviewed in detail and it has been determined in some cases the recommendations
are of a design improvement nature. . . . Because of the seriousness of your
conclusions and recommendations, I believe it necessary and pertinent the
following comments be made. . . . The magnitude and complexity of the Apollo
program precludes any single system subcontractor the capability of full and
knowledgeable assessment of the effects his system has on the whole. . . . This
is not a criticism of your Safety Board function, rather a criticism of the
charter and ground rules on which the Board's recommendations are based. . . .
It is disturbing to me to find your letter is being used as a vehicle to attempt
reconsideration of Engineering Design Change Proposals (EDCP's) already given
careful consideration and a subsequent disposition made. . . . I must insist
that future Board comments be channeled through your Apollo project group for
processing by the established EDCP procedures. If the EDCP affects Crew Safety
or Mission success, it should be so indicated in the EDCP and will be given
proper consideration by the management of NAR and NASA. . . . Because of the
seriousness of your conclusions and recommendations, I am asking the NASA ASPO
to form a Board with me to review your recommendations with you for disposition.
. . ."
Myers also wrote ASPO Manager George Low on October 21, enclosing the
AiResearch recommendations. He said: "I found that AiResearch had used different
criteria for evaluation than we use, but I felt we have a situation that
requires immediate and joint top-level review by us. . . . The Board made
significant recommendations that could constrain a manned flight with the
current configuration of the ECS. I hope that this is not the case and that the
recommendations were meant to be in the area of design improvement rather than
constraints of Crew Safety or Mission Success nature. . . . If you agree with
the need for this NASA NAR joint ECS Safety Review Board, I will arrange such a
meeting with the AiResearch Review Board."
Low replied to Myers on October 30, saying, "I agree with you that we should
give serious consideration to each of the AiResearch recommendations and that a
joint NASA/NAR Safety Review Board would be the best means of accomplishing
this. I would be pleased to serve on such a board with you. . . ." Low asked
Myers to set up the meeting following the Apollo 4 mission.
In a November 7 meeting at MSC the AiResearch Safety Board recommendations
were discussed and initial dispositions made, with AiResearch being asked to
provide a written acceptance or rejection of each.
Ltrs., Bradley to Myers, "Recommendation of Garrett-AiResearch Safety Audit
Review Board," Sept. 18, 1967; Myers to Bradley, Oct. 21, 1967; Myers to Low,
Oct. 21, 1967; Low to Myers, Oct. 30, 1967; Myers to Low, Dec. 13, 1967; Low to
Myers, Mar. 19, 1968.
September 20
MSC proposed to the NASA Office of Manned Space Flight a
sequence of missions leading to a lunar landing mission. The sequence included
the following basic missions:
- A - Saturn V/unmanned CSM development
- B - Saturn IB/unmanned LM development
- C - Saturn IB/manned CSM evaluation
- D - Saturn V/manned CSM and LM development (A dual Saturn IB mission would
be an alternative to the Saturn V for mission D)
- E - CSM/LM operations in high earth orbit
- F - Lunar orbit mission
- G - Lunar landing mission (like Apollo 11)
- H - Lunar landing mission (Apollo 12, 13, and 14)
- I - Reserved for lunar survey missions (not used)
- J - Lunar landing missions, upgraded hardware (Apollo 15, 16, and
17)
Memos, George M. Low, ASPO Manager, to distr., "Mission development and
planning," Sept. 25, 1967; Low to Director, MSC, "Meetings with General Phillips
and Dr. Mueller," Sept. 9, 1967; ltr, Robert R. Gilruth, MSC, to George E.
Mueller, NASA Hq., Sept. 19, 1967; telecon, Ivan D. Ertel to John Sevier, Feb.
26, 1975.
September 21
At the request of Congress NASA was preparing a formal
document on all the action items resulting from the January 27 AS-204 accident.
The document would be used as a report to the entire Congress by the responsible
Senate and House subcommittees and was expected to include two volumes. The
first would cover Apollo 204 Review Board findings; the second would cover panel
findings, results of Congressional testimony, and Apollo program direction. The
report was forwarded to Congress in December 1967 (House) and January 1968
(Senate).
Ltr., Samuel C. Phillips, NASA Hq., to George M. Low, MSC, "AS-204 Accident
Closeout Report," Sept. 21, 1967. House Committee on Science and Astronautics,
Subcommittee on NASA Oversight, Status of Actions Taken on Recommendations
of the Apollo 204 Accident Review Board, 90th Cong, 2nd sess., Committee
Print, Serial L, 1968; Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences,
Apollo Accident: Hearings, 90th Cong., 2nd sess., pt. 8, January
1968.
September 22
C. H. Bolender, ASPO Manager for the lunar module, wrote
Joseph G. Gavin, Jr., Grumman LM Program Director, that recent LM weights and
weight growth trends during the past several months established the need to
identify actions that would reduce weight and preclude future weight growth. He
pointed out that the Configuration Control Board (CCB) at MSC had emphasized
such actions, while recognizing the specific weight increases associated with
design change actions resulting from the AS-204 accident. Several other design
corrections or improvements had been implemented, such as increased plume
protection, ascent engine reflection protection, descent stage upper-deck
structural repair, and landing gear shielding. Bolender told Gavin, "We cannot
afford to exercise ultraconservatism as an expedient to problem solving. The
modification of the descent stage skin panels may be a case in point. . . . We
have already asked that in consideration of minimum weight design, you reassess
your recommendation to change to a uniform panel thickness." He requested that
the objectives of the recent Super Weight Improvement program (a weight saving
"tool" employed by Grumman) be reiterated in design activity and that weight
reduction suggestions be solicited and evaluated for implementation. Bolender
requested a biweekly review of weight reduction candidate changes and told Gavin
he was asking Systems Engineering Division to maintain close coordination with
Grumman and to report progress of the weight reduction and control activity at
the regular CCB meetings.
Ltr., Bolender to Gavin, Sept. 22, 1967.
September 22
The merger of North American Aviation, Inc., and
Rockwell-Standard Corp. became effective and was announced. The company was
organized into two major groups, the Commercial Products Group and the Aerospace
and Systems Group. The new company would be known as North American Rockwell and
use the acronym NR.
North American Rockwell Corp., "A First Look," Sept. 22, 1967,
September 25
Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and
Technology Mac C. Adams requested concurrence of MSC Director Robert R. Gilruth
to naming the following as members of Research Advisory Committees for Fiscal
Year 1968: Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., Committee on Space Vehicles; Joseph G.
Thibodaux, Jr., Committee on Chemical Rocket Propulsion; Charles A. Berry and
Richard S. Johnston, Committee on Biotechnology; and Robert E. Johnson,
Subcommittee on Materials. Gilruth concurred on September 28.
Ltrs., Adams to Gilruth, Sept. 25, 1967; Gilruth to Adams, Sept. 28, 1967.
September 26
The Flammability Test Review Board met at MSC to determine
if the M-6 vehicle (a full-scale mockup of the LM cabin interior) was ready for
test and that the ignition points, configuration, instrumentation, and test
facility were acceptable for verifying the fire safety of LTA-8 and LM-2
vehicles. The Board agreed that the M-6 did accurately and adequately simulate
the LTA-8 and the LM-2 and established that the M-6 mockup was ready for
testing. The Board was composed of Robert R. Gilruth, Chairman; Carroll H.
Bolender; Aleck C. Bond; Maxime A. Faget; Christopher C. Kraft, Jr.; Donald K.
Slayton; A. Duane Catterson, all of MSC; E. Z. Gray of Grumman; and G. H. Stoner
of Boeing, a nonvoting observer.
Ltr., Gilruth to distr., "Minutes of the Flammability Test Review Board
Meeting No. 1," Oct. 23, 1967; memo, Joseph N. Kotanchik, Chief, Structures and
Mechanics Div. to distr., "Progress Report on Lunar Module M-6 flammability
mockup," Sept. 28, 1967.
September 28
In spite of efforts to eliminate all flammable materials
from the interior of the spacecraft cabin during flight, it was apparent that
this could not be completely accomplished. For example, silicone rubber hoses,
flight logs, food, tissues, and other materials would be exposed with in the
cabin during portions of the mission. However, flammable materials would be
outside their containers only when actually needed. Special fire extinguishers
would be carried during flight.
Memos, George M. Low, MSC, to Donald K. Slayton, MSC, "Procedures for use of
flammable material in spacecraft," Sept. 28, 1967; Low to Slayton, "Training in
use of fire extinguishers," Sept. 28, 1967.
September 28
ASPO Manager George M. Low informed the MSC Director of
Flight Crew Operations that effective November 1 configuration management of the
Apollo mission simulators and LM mission simulators would be transferred from
ASPO to the Flight Crew Operations Directorate, with the understanding that
Director Donald K. Slayton would personally chair the Configuration Control
Panel.
Memo, Low to D. K. Slayton, "Configuration Control Panel for simulators,"
Sept. 10, 1967.
September 28
MSC's Engineering and Development (E&D) Directorate
recommended that the Apollo CM be provided with a foam fire extinguisher.
E&D also recommended that the LM be provided with a water nozzle for
extinguishing open fires and that cabin decompression be used to combat fires
behind panels. An aqueous gel (foam) composition fire extinguisher was
considered most appropriate for use in the CM because hydrogen in the available
water supply could intensify the fire, water spray could not reach fires behind
panels, and a shirt-sleeve environment was preferred. E&D further
recommended that development of a condensation nuclei indicator be pursued as a
flight fire detection system, but that it not be made a constraint on the Apollo
program. ASPO Manager George M. Low concurred with the recommendations September
28 and MSC Director Robert R. Gilruth concurred October 7.
On October 26, the Director of Flight Crew Operations stated that his
Directorate was formulating and implementing a training program for flight crews
to give them experience in coping with fire in and around the spacecraft. "In
total, the crew training for cockpit fires will consist of: Review of BP 1224
and M-6 'burn test' film; demonstration briefings on the fire extinguishers and
their most effective use; procedural practice simulating cockpit fire situations
in conjunction with one 'g' spacecraft/mockup/Apollo Mission Simulator
walkthroughs and in the egress trainer placed in the altitude chamber; and as a
part of the overall launch pad emergency and evacuation procedures training at
the fire service training area at KSC."
Memos, Low to Donald K. Slayton, "Training in use of fire extinguishers,"
Sept. 28, 1967; Slayton to Low, "Crew training in use of fire extinguishers,"
Oct. 26, 1967; Maxime A. Faget to Gilruth, "Information Staff Paper No. 41 -
Spacecraft fire extinguishing systems and onboard spacecraft fire detection
instrumentation for the Apollo program," Sept. 28, 1967.
September 29
ASPO Manager George M. Low, in a letter to Richard E.
Horner, Senior Vice President of Northrop Corp., following a phone call to
Horner on Sept. 28, reiterated NASA's "continuing and serious concern with the
quality control at Northrop Ventura on the Apollo spacecraft parachute system.
In recent weeks, I have had many reports of poor workmanship and poor quality,
both in the plant at Northrop Ventura and in the field at El Centro."
On October 20 Horner told Low he had taken time to assure himself of the best
possible information available before replying and offered background on the
situation: "The design effort goes back to 1961 and testing began at the El
Centro facility in 1962. There was continuous operation of the test group at El
Centro until 1966 when the completion of the Block II testing program dictated
the closeout of our operation there. In our total activity, we have had a peak
of 350 personnel assigned to the Apollo, with 20 of that number located at El
Centro during the most active portion of the test program. When it was finally
determined that the increased weight capability redesign was necessary for
mission success, the program nucleus had been reduced to 30 personnel and the
established schedule for the system re-design, test and fabrication requires a
build-up to 250. . . . The schedule has also dictated the adoption of such
procedures as concurrent inspection by the inspectors of Northrop, North
American and NASA, a procedure which, I am sure, is efficient from a program
point of view but is inherently risky in terms of the wide dissemination of
knowledge concerning every human mistake. This is significant only from the
point of view of the natural human failing to be more willing to share the
responsibility for error than for success. . . . We do not intend in any way to
share responsibility for these errors and expect to eliminate the potential for
their recurrence. We have established standards of quality for this program that
are stringent and uncompromising. . . . Even though the technical and schedule
challenge is substantial, we are confident that by the time qualification
testing is scheduled to start during the first week of December 1967 we will
have a flawless operation. . . ."
Ltrs., Low to Horner, Sept. 29, 1967; Horner to Low, Oct. 20, 1967; memos,
Low to Kenneth S. Kleinknecht, "Parachute packing," Sept. 1, 1967; Low to Donald
K. Slayton, "Apollo parachutes," Sept. 23, 1967.
September 29
An Apollo Entry Performance Review Board was established by
the MSC Director to review and validate the analytical tools as well as the
Apollo operational corridor. The Board was set up because the performance of the
ablation heatshield in the Apollo spacecraft, as then analyzed, imposed a
limitation on the entry corridor at lunar return velocity. The following were
named to the Board: Maxime A. Faget, MSC, chairman; Kenneth S. Kleinknecht, MSC;
Eugene C. Draley and Don D. Davis, Jr., Langley Research Center; Alvin Seiff and
Glen Goodwin, Ames Research Center; and Leo T. Chauvin, MSC, secretary.
Ltrs., MSC Director Robert R. Gilruth to Directors of Ames Research Center
and Langley Research Center, Sept. 29, 1967.
September 29
Key dates in the spacecraft 101 schedule were agreed to
during a meeting of Samuel C. Phillips, Robert R. Gilruth, George M. Low, and
Kenneth S. Kleinknecht with North American management: inspection of wiring,
October 7, 1967; completion of manufacturing, December 15, 1967; delivery, March
15, 1968. In addition, several decisions were reached concerning certain systems
of spacecraft 101. Among these, it was agreed that the entry monitor system
would not be checked out on spacecraft 101 (see October 12).
Memo for the Record, George M. Low, Manager, ASPO, "North American
activities," Oct. 2, 1967.
September 29
Because of many questions asked about spacecraft weight
changes in the spacecraft redefinition, ASPO Manager George M. Low prepared a
memo for the record, indicating weights as follows:
Lunar Module Significant Weight Changes
Lunar module injected weight
status March 1, 1967 (ascent and descent less propellant) - 4039.6 kg
- Material substitution +23.1;
- decrease clamps and potting, -4.5;
- government furnished equipment changes (pressure garment assembly,
portable life support system, oxygen purge system), +68;
- plume heating and "fire-in-the-hole" protection, +59.8;
- redesign umbilical hoses, +2.2;
- revised oxygen and water requirements, +19.5;
- provision for ALSEP removal, +11.3;
- increasing crack resistance of webs, +13.6;
- additional wiring to provide redundant circuits, +4.9;
- fuel cask and support increase, +14.9;
- guidance and navigation equipment, +3.1;
- instrumentation, +9.9;
- communications, +1.8;
- miscellaneous changes, +2.2.
Net change from March to September was
+230.4 kg.
Lunar module injected weight status September 22, 1967 - 4270.0 kg
Command Module Significant Weight Changes
Command module injected weight
status March 1, 1967 - 5246.7 kg
- New hatch, +114.7;
- environmental control system and weight management system changes, +103.4;
- instrumentation and electrical power, +48;
- wiring and tubing protection, +44.4;
- crew compartment materials and crew equipment, +101.6;
- forward heatshield separation, +13.6;
- earth landing system (larger drogues), +21.7;
- miscellaneous structural changes, +26.7;
- ballast for lift-over-drag ratio of 0.35, +175;
- other, +19.5.
- Reductions - transfer of portable life support system to LM,-31.2;
- reduced ballast for lift-over-drag ratio of 0.28, -142.8;
- other MSC weight reductions, -61.6.
Net change from March to
September was +433.1 kg.
Command module injected weight status September 22, 1967 - 5679.8 kg
Memo for the Record, George M. Low, Manager, ASPO, "Apollo weight changes,"
Sept. 29, 1967.
